OK, on to my new class, Exercise Physiology. I am relieved I made it through Physiology. It was a lot of information in a short amount of time. Now I get to apply that knowledge to exercise. Wooo…whooo!! It is starting to make sense now.
For those of you who like to learn with […]
A kidney is made up of a ureter, a renal pelvis, a medulla, a cortex, a capsule, a juxtamedullary nephron and a cortical nephron. The path of urine drainage starts at the collecting duct. It then proceeds to the papillary duct in the renal pyramid, then to the minor calyx, major calyx, then to the […]
There are four phases of digestion; interdigestive, dephalic, gastric and intestinal. Interdigestion: The digestive tract is quiet. The low pH in the stomach inhibits gastrin secretion and stimulates somatostatin secretion. Sematostatin inhibits gastrin and HCl secretion. Gastrin stimulates the production of HCl.
Cephalic refers to the sight, smell and taste of food activating the vagal efferents. […]
Neural and Hormonal Regulation of Digestion:
Neural Regulation:
In the Enteric Nervous System, chemoreseptors, mechanoreceptors and osmoreceptors stimulate the nerve plexus.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) is stimulated by chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors and osmoreceptors. The PSNS stimulates the nerve plexus which stimulates gland or smooth muscle. The PSNS can act independently from stimuli coming from receptors in the GI […]
The pathway of food from the mouth to the anus. Mouth–>Pharynx and Esophagus–>Stomach–>Small Intestine–>Large Intestine–>Rectum and Anus. The mouth is to chew and bite your food. The pharynx and esophagus is used to transport the food. The stomach involves mechanical disruption and absorption of water and alcohol. The small intestine uses chemical and mechanical digestion and […]
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins. It depends on the pressure difference from the venules to the right atrium. The pressure difference between the venous side to the right side of the heart is normally enough to drive blood back to the right side of […]
Functions of the kidneys:
Regulation of blood ionic composition
-Electrolyte balance
Regulation of blood pH
-Acid-base balance
Regulation of blood volume and BP
-Body fluid volume
-Renin pathway
Maintains blood osmolarity (300 mOsm/L)
Hormone production
-Renin, Aldosterone, ADH
-Calcitrol (bone), EPO (RBC)
Regulation of blood glucose
-Glutamine & GNG (in metabolism section)
Excretion of wastes
-metabolites, drugs, excess water and solutes
Nephron:
The nephron has four major processes; filtration, reabsorption, secretion and […]
Cardiac Cycle Phases:
-Blood goes into Ventricle, AV valves open, SL valves closed
-Ventricles contract, AV valves close, pressure increases, begins to open SL valves
-SL valves open, blood is ejected to pulmonary and systemic circulations
-All 4 valves closed, atria full with blood, intraventricular pressure decreases
-Pressure in atria increases, AV valves open and ventricles fill
There are three types […]
An electrocardiogram is a non-invasive diagnostic tool. It can record the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heartbeat). The heart generates an electrical current from impulse conduction. This can be detected at the surface of the body. The ECG helps to determine if the conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and […]
Cardiac muscles are branched, intercalated discs with gap junctions. They are involuntary, striated and have a single central nucleus per cell.
The Conduction System of the Heart
Pacemaker cells at the sinoatrial node (SA) fire spontaneously and act as a pacemaker. They form the conduction system for the heart. The SA node sets the pace since it […]
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