The Kidneys

A kidney is made up of a ureter, a renal pelvis, a medulla, a cortex, a capsule, a juxtamedullary nephron and a cortical nephron.  The path of urine drainage starts at the collecting duct.  It then proceeds to the papillary duct in the renal pyramid, then to the minor calyx, major calyx, then to the […]

Phases of Digestion

There are four phases of digestion; interdigestive, dephalic, gastric and intestinal.  Interdigestion: The digestive tract is quiet.  The low pH in the stomach inhibits gastrin secretion and stimulates somatostatin secretion.  Sematostatin inhibits gastrin and HCl secretion.  Gastrin stimulates the production of HCl.
Cephalic refers to the sight, smell and taste of food activating the vagal efferents.  […]